In addition to high and low voltage levels defined by regulations, there is also what is known as a safety voltage. Safety voltage refers to a level of voltage that is less dangerous to human body compared to high or low voltages. Typically, these values are set at 36 volts, 24 volts, and 12 volts. These limits are established based on the potential harm they can cause during electrical contact. The resistance of the human body varies depending on conditions, usually ranging between 10,000 to 100,000 ohms, though it can be lower in some cases. Assuming an average resistance of around 800 ohms, studies show that the maximum safe current for the human body is approximately 50 mA (0.05 A). Using Ohm's Law, this means the highest allowable voltage under such conditions is about 40 volts. Therefore, 36 volts is commonly used as the standard for a safe voltage in most situations. However, in environments with poor working conditions—such as areas with high conductivity, low body resistance, or locations filled with metal structures like pipes, boilers, or underground tunnels—the safe voltage is often reduced to 12 volts. This makes 12 volts considered an "absolute safe voltage" in practical applications. Safety voltage standards vary across countries. Some define the limit at 50 volts or 40 volts, while others use 36 volts or 24 volts. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) sets the maximum contact voltage (equivalent to safety voltage) at 50 volts. When the voltage is below 25 volts, additional safety measures against electric shocks may not be required.
Automotive Wire Harness Protection
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