Extraction and identification of lecithin in egg yolk - Master's thesis - Dissertation

The probe capacitor polarity needle has a head diameter of 5.8 mm. The total length of the 7-pin and 12-pin needles is 5 cm.

Extraction and Identification of Lecithin in Egg Yolk

Objective:

The main purpose of this experiment is to understand the properties of lecithin and to learn and master the method of extracting crude lecithin from egg yolk. This process helps students gain hands-on experience with lipid extraction techniques and basic biochemical analysis methods.

Principle:

Lecithin, also known as phosphatidylcholine, is a type of phospholipid commonly found in various tissues and cells of the body. It is particularly abundant in egg yolk, nerves, semen, brain, adrenal glands, heart, mushrooms, and yeast. Pure lecithin appears as a white, waxy solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like alcohol, chloroform, and carbon disulfide. However, it is not soluble in acetone. By taking advantage of its solubility characteristics, lecithin can be separated from neutral fats using ketones.

Materials and Equipment:

1. Experimental Materials: Fresh egg.

2. Instruments: Water bath, small beaker (50 mL), dry test tubes (20 mL × 1, 10 mL × 2), test tube rack, glass funnel, glass rod, measuring cylinder (25 mL), pipettes (2 mL × 2, 1 mL × 1).

3. Reagents: 95% ethanol, 10% sodium hydroxide solution, acetone.

Procedure:

1. Extraction: Take approximately 2 grams of egg yolk and place it in a small beaker. Add 15 mL of hot 95% ethanol while continuously stirring. After the mixture cools down, filter it into a dry test tube. If the filtrate is cloudy, repeat the filtration until it becomes clear. Then, evaporate the filtrate to dryness using a water bath.

2. Trimethylamine Test: Take a small portion of the extracted lecithin and place it in a test tube. Add 2 mL of 10% sodium hydroxide solution and heat it on a water bath. Lecithin will decompose into choline, which then reacts under basic conditions to form trimethylamine. A fishy odor will be noticeable at the top of the test tube, indicating the presence of trimethylamine.

3. Acetone Test: Dissolve another portion of the lecithin in 1 mL of ethanol, then add 1–2 mL of acetone. Observe and record any changes in appearance or consistency, which may indicate the formation of a precipitate or altered solubility.

Video Processors

A LED screen video processor is an essential component used to control, manage, and optimize the video signal for LED Display panels, ensuring high-quality image rendering, accurate color reproduction, and smooth video playback. It acts as an intermediary between the video source (e.g., computer, media player, camera, etc.) and the LED screen, handling tasks like signal conversion, scaling, synchronization, and color correction.
Key Functions of a Video Processor for LED Screens:

  1. Signal Scaling: It adjusts the input signal resolution to match the resolution of the LED screen. For example, if a 4K signal is fed to a screen with a different native resolution, the processor will scale it appropriately.

  2. Color Calibration and Correction: Video processors often include tools for color correction to ensure that the colors displayed on the LED screen match the intended output, accounting for any discrepancies in the LED panels’ color reproduction.

  3. Image Enhancement: They improve the visual quality by adjusting brightness, contrast, sharpness, and other image settings to make the picture look more vibrant and clear.

  4. Edge Blending: For large or curved displays made up of multiple LED panels, processors can blend the edges of each panel so that the transition between panels is seamless, eliminating visible lines or "joints."

  5. Frame Synchronization: It ensures that the input signal is synchronized with the LED display’s refresh rate to avoid issues like screen tearing or stuttering.

  6. Video Wall Management: In the case of multi-screen video walls, a video processor manages the distribution of the content across all screens, ensuring proper alignment, scaling, and synchronization.

  7. Input and Output Flexibility: Modern video processors come with multiple inputs (HDMI, DisplayPort, SDI, DVI, etc.) and outputs for compatibility with various sources and LED screen types.

  8. Video Signal Conversion: Converting between different types of video signals (e.g., from analog to digital) and ensuring the display can handle different formats, frame rates, and resolutions.

  9. Video Format and Aspect Ratio Handling: The processor manages and adjusts various video formats and aspect ratios to ensure the content fits properly on the LED display without distortion or cropping.

Types of LED Video Processors:

  1. Basic Video Processors: Used for small-scale applications like single LED displays or basic content delivery, often providing simple scaling and color correction.

  2. Advanced Video Processors: These are designed for large-scale, high-performance LED installations (such as digital signage, control rooms, or live events). They offer features like 4K/8K resolution support, advanced color calibration, and multi-channel input/output.

  3. LED Video Wall Processors: Tailored for large LED video walls, these processors manage complex content, control panel configurations, and allow for the flexible distribution of content across multiple screens.

Examples of Popular LED Screen Video Processor Brands:

  1. Novastar: Known for its powerful processors that are commonly used in large-scale LED screens, providing tools for scaling, color calibration, and signal management.

  2. Linsn: Specializes in LED display solutions, including video processors for high-end applications like video walls and stadium screens.

  3. Datapath: Offers advanced video processing solutions for professional-grade LED walls, including high-end video and graphics cards.

  4. Colorlight: Known for both hardware and software solutions that include LED display control systems, processors, and scalers.

  5. Barco: Provides high-performance processors often used in professional AV applications, with a focus on video wall management and color accuracy.

  6. Kramer: Offers a wide range of video processors for different types of installations, from small to large-scale LED screens.

Common Applications:

  • Indoor and Outdoor LED Displays: Advertising, event broadcasting, or public information displays.
  • LED Video Walls: In control rooms, corporate lobbies, or concert venues.
  • Rental and Staging: For temporary installations in large-scale events, trade shows, or live performances.
  • Broadcast and Production: In television studios, sports venues, or media production environments.

When choosing a video processor for an LED screen, consider the following factors:

  • Resolution and Size of the Display: The processor should support the resolution and configuration of the LED panels you are using.
  • Input/Output Requirements: Ensure compatibility with the video sources you plan to use.
  • Processing Power: Choose a processor with enough performance to handle the complexity of your content, including features like multi-screen displays or 4K video.
  • Latency: For live events or broadcast, low latency is critical to maintain real-time synchronization between video sources and displays.

Let me know if you'd like more specific product recommendations or details on how to integrate these processors into your system!

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