Voltage divider circuit diagram using op amp and bipolar junction transistor

Crystal oscillator

Probe current voltage pin 420*4450 head diameter 5.0 over current current and voltage pin

3225 50M crystal

When dealing with variable or asymmetrical loads, traditional voltage divider circuits shown in Figures 3 and 4 may not perform as expected. To address this issue, engineers often implement a more advanced voltage divider using an operational amplifier (such as TL071, OPA134, NE5534/A, or LM741) along with complementary bipolar junction transistors (like PN2222A + PN2907A, BD135 + BD136, etc.). This approach offers greater stability and flexibility. Figure 5 illustrates an example of such a design. The circuit uses an op amp to control the output voltage via a potentiometer P1. The gain of the circuit is given by Av = 1 + R4/R5. If R5 is not needed, the gain can be set to 1, effectively turning it into a voltage follower. This configuration also acts as a current buffer, making it suitable for driving heavier loads. The maximum output current of the voltage divider typically ranges from 50mA to 2000mA, depending on the transistor and op amp used. A capacitor C4 is only necessary if external frequency compensation is required for the op amp. Many audio power amplifiers already incorporate all these components, which makes them ideal for constructing both adjustable and fixed voltage dividers. This type of circuit is particularly useful in applications where precise voltage regulation and high current handling are essential. Whether you're working on a simple project or a complex system, integrating an op amp-based voltage divider can significantly improve performance and reliability.